9router: Image prefetch DNS rebinding allows SSRF to internal services

Overview

Summary

9router validates image URLs by resolving the host before fetching, but the later server-side fetch performs a separate DNS resolution. An attacker-controlled DNS name can resolve to a public IP during validation and then rebind to an internal Docker/private IP during the fetch. This allows the server-side image prefetch to reach internal-only HTTP services (SSRF).

Details

• Affected version / commit: 9router v0.4.80 @ b282f05.
• Reachable through /v1/chat/completions with a vision-capable model and an image_url content part. A vision-capable model name is required so the image survives modality stripping and the server-side prefetch is armed.
• The provider used in this reproduction is the bundled mock provider — no real API key and no real provider call.
• internal-admin (the SSRF target) is not exposed to the host network; it is reachable only from inside the Docker network.
• rebind-dns behaviour for rebind.9r.test:
  • first A response → 1.1.1.1 (public) to pass the public-host guard,
  • second A response → 172.29.0.10 (internal-admin) during the fetch.
• internal-admin logs GET /ssrf-marker with peer=172.29.0.30 (the proxied-router container), proving the server-side fetch landed on the internal service.
• mock-provider receives POST /api/chat and the flow completes with HTTP 200.
• Root cause: DNS TOCTOU — the IP is not pinned between the validation resolution (the public-host guard) and the fetch resolution. The guard and the fetch each resolve the hostname independently, so a TTL-0 rebinding authority can return a public IP to the guard and an internal IP to the fetch.

Proof of Concept

This repository is a self-contained Docker Compose reproduction. No real provider is called and no real API key is required.

1. Build and start the stack:

   docker compose up --build
   

2. Confirm internal-admin is unreachable from the host:

   curl -i http://127.0.0.1:18083/ssrf-marker   # connection refused / fail
   docker compose ps                            # internal-admin has NO host port mapping
   

3. Send the request named POST image-prefetch DNS rebinding trigger from requests.http, or with curl:

   curl -i -X POST http://127.0.0.1:18082/v1/chat/completions \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
     -d '{
       "model": "ollama-local/gemma3",
       "messages": [{"role":"user","content":[
         {"type":"text","text":"reproduction image-prefetch trigger"},
         {"type":"image_url","image_url":{"url":"http://rebind.9r.test:8080/ssrf-marker?case=rebind-trigger"}}
       ]}],
       "stream": false
     }'
   

Impact

• SSRF to internal HTTP services reachable from the 9router host/container.
• Depending on the environment, this can reach cloud metadata endpoints, internal admin panels, or be used for internal service discovery.
• Blind / semi-blind SSRF when the fetched response is not returned to the attacker; an exfil variant (pointing the image at an internal endpoint that returns valid image bytes) can return internal content base64-encoded to the upstream.
• Requires a code path that prefetches/normalizes remote images for vision-capable providers.
• No real credential is needed for the reproduction.

Suggested Fix

• Pin the resolved IP after validation and connect to that IP (resolve once, then reuse the address for the fetch).
• Block private, loopback, link-local, multicast, and cloud-metadata ranges at connect time, not only at validation time.
• Perform DNS resolution and IP checks immediately before the request and against the address actually used to connect.
• Disable redirects, or re-validate every redirect target with the same checks.
• Enforce an allowlist for image-fetch domains where feasible.
• Add a timeout, a response size limit, and a content-type check.

Affected packages

• 9router <= 0.4.80

Remediation

Upgrade to a patched release:

• 9router 0.5.2