--- id: CVE-2026-13311 aliases: - GHSA-395f-4hp3-45gv title: 'shell-quote: Quadratic-complexity Denial of Service in `parse()` (CWE-407)' summary: 'shell-quote: Quadratic-complexity Denial of Service in `parse()` (CWE-407)' severity: high cvss: 7.5 cwe: - CWE-407 vendor: shell-quote product: shell-quote ecosystem: npm affected: - shell-quote <= 1.8.4 patched: - shell-quote 1.9.0 published: '2026-07-20' updated: '2026-07-20' source: GHSA sourceUrl: 'https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-395f-4hp3-45gv' references: - url: >- https://github.com/ljharb/shell-quote/security/advisories/GHSA-395f-4hp3-45gv - url: 'https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-13311' - url: >- https://github.com/ljharb/shell-quote/commit/7ff5488599d01c323514f02f5efb74088dd134ec - url: 'https://github.com/ljharb/shell-quote/releases/tag/v1.9.0' - url: 'https://www.npmjs.com/package/shell-quote' - url: 'https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-395f-4hp3-45gv' tags: - ghsa - npm epss: 0.00596 epssPercentile: 0.46228 ingestedAt: '2026-07-20T22:43:35.415Z' --- ## Overview ### Summary `shell-quote`'s `parse()` finalizes its token list with a `reduce` that uses `Array.prototype.concat` as the accumulator. Each `prev.concat(arg)` copies the entire growing array, so `parse()` runs in **O(n²)** in the number of tokens. An unauthenticated attacker who can submit a string to any code path that calls `parse()` on it can block the single-threaded Node.js event loop for tens of seconds with a small input — a denial of service. The trigger needs **no shell metacharacters** (plain space-separated words suffice), so input filters that only screen for `;`, `|`, `$`, or backticks do not help. ### Root cause `parse.js` (lines 200–203), in `parseInternal` — this path runs on **every** `parse()` call: ```js }).reduce(function (prev, arg) { // finalize parsed arguments // TODO: replace this whole reduce with a concat return typeof arg === 'undefined' ? prev : prev.concat(arg); }, []); ``` `prev.concat(arg)` allocates a new array and copies all of `prev` on every iteration, so producing an N-token result costs `1 + 2 + … + N = O(N²)` copies. A second `acc.concat(s)` reduce in the `module.exports` wrapper (lines 211–224, reached only when `env` is a function) has the same shape. The maintainer's own `// TODO: replace this whole reduce with a concat` already flags the construct. ### Proof of Concept ```js const { parse } = require('shell-quote'); const ms = fn => { const t = process.hrtime.bigint(); fn(); return Number(process.hrtime.bigint()-t)/1e6; }; for (const N of [16000, 32000, 64000, 128000]) { console.log(N, 'tokens ->', ms(() => parse('x '.repeat(N))).toFixed(0), 'ms'); } ``` Measured on `shell-quote@1.8.4`, Node v24: | input (N tokens) | bytes | `parse()` | ratio vs prev (2× input) | |-----------------:|-------:|----------:|:------------------------:| | 16 000 | 32 KB | 678 ms | — | | 32 000 | 64 KB | 4 169 ms | ×6.2 | | 64 000 | 128 KB | 14 914 ms | ×3.6 | | 128 000 | 256 KB | **57 319 ms** | ×3.8 | Time grows ~×4 per 2× input → confirmed O(n²). A ~128 KB input blocks the event loop ~15 s; ~256 KB → ~57 s; a few hundred KB more → minutes. image [poc.js](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/29255995/poc.js) ### Impact `parse()` is synchronous on the main thread; while it copies arrays quadratically the entire event loop is blocked and the process serves no other requests. Any service that calls `parse()` on attacker-influenced input (command parsers, chat-ops / bot command handlers, REPLs, build-script / arg-string splitters) can be driven to a sustained DoS with a single small request. No code execution and no data disclosure — availability only. End-to-end confirmation: a minimal HTTP server that calls `parse()` on the request body, hit with **one** `POST` of `'x '.repeat(32000)` (~63 KB), froze for ~4.5 s. An out-of-process probe client issuing harmless `GET /ping` requests (normally ~1 ms) observed **27 consecutive pings stalled by up to 4374 ms** during that single request — i.e. every concurrent client was denied service for the whole parse. Scaling the body to a few hundred KB extends the outage to minutes. This is the same class as several accepted 2026 advisories for quadratic-parser DoS on untrusted input (e.g. markdown-it CVE-2026-48988, js-yaml CVE-2026-53550, python-multipart CVE-2026-53539). It is **distinct** from the known `shell-quote` command-injection issues (CVE-2021-42740, CVE-2016-10541, CVE-2026-9277), which are all in `quote()`, not `parse()`. ### Suggested remediation Replace the O(n²) concat-in-reduce with a linear flatten that **pushes into the accumulator** instead of reallocating and copying it on every iteration. Apply the same shape to the wrapper's `acc.concat(s)` reduce. A defensive input-length cap on `parse()` is a cheap additional stop-gap. > **Maintainer note (edit):** the originally-suggested `Array.prototype.flat()` is > ES2019 / Node 11+, but `shell-quote` declares `engines: node >= 0.4`, so `.flat()` > would silently drop support for older runtimes. The fix instead flattens one-level > array tokens with `forEach`/`push` — and deliberately not `push.apply(...)`, since > spreading a large array into function arguments can exceed the engine's argument > count limit. Output is byte-identical to the current code across strings, `undefined` > holes, one-level array tokens, and `{op}`/`{comment}`/`{op:'glob'}` objects, and > finalizing is now linear (1,024,000 tokens in ~150 ms vs ~57 s for 128,000 before). > Thanks for the clear report and PoC — the analysis and reproduction were spot on. ### Disclosure Found by source audit + wall-clock confirmation against 1.8.4 (and verified the same code is present on `main`). Reported privately here; no public disclosure until a fix is available. ## Affected packages - `shell-quote <= 1.8.4` ## Remediation Upgrade to a patched release: - `shell-quote 1.9.0`