{"id":"CVE-2023-25656","aliases":["GHSA-87x9-7grx-m28v","GO-2023-1589"],"title":"notation-go has excessive memory allocation on verification","summary":"notation-go has excessive memory allocation on verification","severity":"high","cvss":7.5,"cvssVector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","vendor":"notaryproject","product":"github.com/notaryproject/notation-go","ecosystem":"go","affected":["github.com/notaryproject/notation-go < 1.0.0-rc.3"],"patched":["github.com/notaryproject/notation-go 1.0.0-rc.3"],"published":"2023-02-22","updated":"2026-09-10","sourceUpdated":"2026-09-10T03:49:51.900719541Z","source":"OSV","sourceUrl":"https://osv.dev/vulnerability/GHSA-87x9-7grx-m28v","references":[{"url":"https://github.com/notaryproject/notation-go/security/advisories/GHSA-87x9-7grx-m28v"},{"url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-25656"},{"url":"https://github.com/notaryproject/notation-go/pull/275"},{"url":"https://github.com/notaryproject/notation-go"},{"url":"https://github.com/notaryproject/notation-go/releases/tag/v1.0.0-rc.3"}],"tags":["osv","go"],"epss":0.0044,"epssPercentile":0.37555,"ingestedAt":"2026-09-12T03:13:01.766Z","slug":"CVE-2023-25656","body":"## Overview\n\n### Impact\n\n`notation-go` users will find their application using excessive memory when verifying signatures and the application will be finally killed, and thus availability is impacted.\n\n### Patches\n\nThe problem has been patched in the release [v1.0.0-rc.3](https://github.com/notaryproject/notation-go/releases/tag/v1.0.0-rc.3). Users should upgrade their `notation-go` packages to `v1.0.0-rc.3` or above.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nUsers can review their own trust policy file and check if the identity string contains `=#`. Meanwhile, users should only put trusted certificates in their trust stores referenced by their own trust policy files, and make sure the `authenticity` validation is set to `enforce`\n\n### Credits\n\nThe `notation-go` project would like to thank Adam Korczynski (@AdamKorcz) for responsibly disclosing this issue during a security fuzzing audit sponsored by CNCF and Shiwei Zhang (@shizhMSFT) for root cause analysis and detailed vulnerability report.\n\n### References\n\n- [Resource exhaustion attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_exhaustion_attack)\n\n\n## Affected packages\n\n- `github.com/notaryproject/notation-go < 1.0.0-rc.3`\n\n## Remediation\n\nUpgrade to a patched release:\n\n- `github.com/notaryproject/notation-go 1.0.0-rc.3`","depth":"twilight","depthScore":41,"depthScoreParts":{"impact":41.3,"likelihood":0.1,"exploitation":0,"ransomware":0},"changes":[]}